Background and Objective: In all societies, economic growth and development appear kind of main goal but they also have negative side effects on other fields such as environment. In recent year, lots of discussion about negative side effects of globalization and free trade without restrictions has been done and with proposing the POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS (PHH), the massive share of trade and the importance of globalization in transferring pollutants have been revealed.Method: In this study we used ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) approach to cointegration and bounds test to identify long run relationships between variables in the PHH models about Iran- China trade relationship. All data that we used are in time series format and including 1987-2004. We separate dirty industry from green ones by ISIC codes. Four codes about dirty industries were identified and based on them we present five models that included four models for each ISIC codes that were introduced and one models to examine this subject that if all for goods were aggregated, can the PHH still true.Findings: Results show that Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is N shaped, the share of manufacturing products in CO2 emission is enormous, PHH from Iran to China is accepted about 34 and 35 ISIC codes, dirty industries that we export their products are POLLUTION intensive about 35 and 36 ISIC codes.Discussion and Conclusion: The evidence highlights the need to look at the imported goods related to dirty industries in details because now it is clear that PHH may be existed if the examination was perform in the detailed level with looking at dirty industries. This approach to investigating of PHH can help policy makers to identify the green and dirty industries exactly and improve the environmental condition that we live in.

Since some decades ago, capital flows has been increased from developed countries to developing countries. Some economists believe that the less stringent environmental regulations in developing countries than those in developed countries have played the main role in the capital flows of the world. Based on this attitude, which calls POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS (PHH), developing countries are the favorite place to hold POLLUTION industries. Therefore, in this paper, the PHH is evaluated for Iran by employing the trade pattern and net export trend between Iran and OECD countries for polluting and clean products from 1999 to 2003. The result indicates that the PHH is rejected in Iran.

Background and Objective: Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subject literature following commercial liberalization, the transfer of polluting industries from countries with severe environmental policies to countries with mild environmental policies is increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the asylum HYPOTHESIS of wood industry POLLUTION. Methods: using panel data and fixed effects approach in Iran and 16 wooden trading partners, during the period 1995-2015. Findings: In this study, panel data and software Stata were used to estimate model. The interactions of trade and per capita income have a positive coefficient of 6. 50. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results support the POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS.

Nowadays, knowledge and technology are tangled with human life, and it is expected that the advancement of technology and its role in daily human life will reduce POLLUTION. Foreign direct investment (FDI) as one of the driving factors of economic growth has caused the destruction of the environment in most of the host countries (POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS). Considering the importance of environmental quality and the intertwining of human life with information and communication technology (ICT), this study aims to investigate the impact of ICT and FDI on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) as an indicator of the quality of the environment in the OPEC member countries during the period of 2008-2019. The estimation results with the Generalized Moments Method show a U relationship between information and communication technology and carbon dioxide emissions. It is also a confirmation of the HYPOTHESIS of environmental POLLUTION of foreign investment for the host countries. With regard to the formation of the global village, it is expected that governments, as supporters of society's health, will direct foreign investment towards the use of clean and environmentally friendly energy by applying laws protecting clean production and closely monitoring it.

The studies conducted into Trade and Environment have not provided a definite answer to the effect of free trade on Environment, as some studies imply a positive effect of free trade on environment, whereas the others imply a negative effect. The Purpose of the present paper is studying the relationship between Trade and Environment in the selected countries of the world. Hence, this study, based on the theoretical principles, analyzes the validity of “POLLUTION HAVEN” and “Factor endowments” hypotheses by using the panel data for 77 countries from 1995 to 2013. The study of the “POLLUTION HAVEN” HYPOTHESIS implies countries with relatively weak environmental policies, as many of them have low per capita income, have an advantage in production of polluting industries. Based on the “Factor endowments” HYPOTHESIS can be declared that the environmental policies have little (or no) effect on the trade paradigm; while factors such as the differences between factors of production or trade technology, are the main determinant of relative advantage. Results show that the “POLLUTION HAVEN” and “Factor endowments” hypotheses cannot be accepted, and the POLLUTION emissions depend on other factors.

The Russian Federation, with its huge capacities, has always been among the claimants of economic dynamism, and according to the Globalization Index (KOF) data, it has made continuous efforts for economic growth and moving in the direction of globalization. From the 18th century until now, this country has taken effective steps towards its economic dynamism by taking advantage of the "foreign direct investment" capacity despite the existence of internal, regional, and international obstacles, and in this regard, with ups and downs in the amount of FDI. has faced One of the international paradigms that are taking steps towards globalization is "sustainable development", one of its challenging points is the confrontation with uncontrolled FDI. Based on the hypotheses of "POLLUTION HAVEN" and "POLLUTION halo effect" and the study of energy efficiency in this country, this research examines part of the divorce point between the two issues of FDI and SDGs. With a systematic review method, it concludes that FDI In Russia is non-green. Its increase causes the growth of CO2, methane, and other greenhouse gases, proving the PHH HYPOTHESIS and reducing the realization of SDG indicators for this country. The closeness of the conditions of Russia and the Islamic Republic Iran also gives this opportunity to domestic officials to make great efforts in the field of energy, environmental protection, and non-renewable resources and implement the environmental laws of foreign direct investment with high precision and sensitivity.

Trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. On the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. Based on POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies. In order to evaluate the effect of trade liberalization on Co2 emission, and to examine the relationship between POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS and Kuznet's Environmental Curve, I employ a panel data method with fixed effect approach to estimate an econometric model for four groups of countries: counters with a high per capita income, with a middle-high per capita income, with middle-low per capita income, and with a low per capita income during the period 1992-2002. Our findings indicate that increasing trade liberalization have a negative effect on the amount of CO2 emission in the high and middle-high income countries. While trade liberalization have a positive effect on the mount of Co2 emission in the low and middle- low income countries. Such that the Co2 emission elasticity to the export of polluting industries, and to the import of polluting industries, and the trade liberalization index in high-income countries are 0.132, -0.051, and -0.093 respectively. In the middle-high income countries, they are, 0.033, -0.049, and -0.038 respectively. Similarly, Co2 emission elasticity to the above-mentioned variables in the middle – low income countries is 0.013, -0.134, and 0.019 respectively. Finally in the low-income countries they are 0.007, 0.002, and 0.021 respectively.

Silence and speaking to the point are among the themes which have long been considered throughout the vast instructive mystical literature. The importance and the standpoint of silence in the domain of Persian literature from the past till present have been to such an extent that it has determined the life and the death of individuals, and have entailed their welfare or damnation. Poet and the prominent literary figure of Hindi style (Isfahani), Sa’eb Tabrizi relying upon the ideas and mystical thoughts of Moulana regarding silence and its three kinds such as (silent tongue and speaking mind, silent tongue and mind, silent mind and speaking tongue) and upon making use of poetic imageries such as allegorical simile and allusion in his divan, appropriately called “Khamoushi Nameh” could well fulfill his mission as a poet and master towards his own people and future generations. This article deals with silence along with presenting evidence from other poets.